Bridge Design for Prestressed Concrete Box Girders 1 of 2

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A Guide to Concrete Floor Slab Design

Loading & span
No specific type of slab can be seen as the best for a specific application, one will have to consider all the factors below and then decide. If more than one floor system can be used for the same span, the next factors that might strongly guide you in a direction is the cost of erection and speed of erection.

Cost (Economic considerations of spanning)
In general spans of less than 6m is most economically done with reinforced concrete. When the span is between 6m - 9m, various other concrete slab systems can be used and be just as economical or even more economical that reinforced concrete. When the span is more that 9m, normal reinforced concrete is not economical anymore and one will have to look at pre-stressed or other special beam systems.

Pre-cast members can also be considered for economical reasons in large building construction for there is a lot of repetition of standard components and can reduce costs.

Speed of erection
Nowadays speed of building construction plays an all the more important role, especially for the money saving factor and this has to be looked at intensively when a project is started.
Depending on the application, in-situ cast reinforced concrete can be quite economical, but can take longer because of the temporary support required until the concrete has set and is not suitable for large multi-storey buildings. This is best for large residential buildings & small office blocks. With precast members the shuttering is reduced or eliminated totally and thus results in shorter construction times and can be very effective for specific applications but one has to look at the other factors before a decision is made.

Logistics
Post-tensioning instead of pre-tensioned members is recommended where the elements require excessive transportation because pre-stressed members, is not cast on site and the sizes of the members might have an increase in transportation cost resulting because of the larger transport vehicles necessary to move them. The accessibility of the specific site also influences this factor, for some larger vehicles may not be capable of accessing the site.

Services
This is especially important when one makes use of tensioned eg: (pre-stresses or post stressed concrete members) where openings in slab is to be provided one must make sure not to damage the tensioned cables as this may greatly reduce their strength and structural failure might occur. Any services protruding the slab at any point is to be designed beforehand to prevent such failures.

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Steel Structure Design With Computer Aided Design and Drafting System

The impact of connection flexibility on the behavior of steel structures has long been observed, however, due to the complexity of accurately modeling connection effects in design analysis, these effects are generally not considered implicitly in design. The computer aided design systems can be used to analyze two and three dimensional structures. It offers effective 3D models and graphic environment to define and characterize beam-column-end plate connection behavior for steel structure design.

The inelastic connection behavior can be modeled using nonlinear moment rotation in CAD system to represent both geometric behaviors in framed structures. All CAD systems come with a library of standard moment-rotation curves which are attuned to test data to characterize each connection response.

Several trends are emerging in structure design and construction with emphasis on joint behavior in design. These include the analysis of inelastic limit state design process which require more realistic analysis of actual response, incorporating evaluation of structural response to seismic and other extreme loading conditions and structural challenges as required by innovations in architectural design. Advances in computer technology, especially the availability of less expensive engineering workstations, are offering the means for more realistic analysis of structures including joint behavior.

Existing computer aided design (CAD) technology can provide considerable improvements over conventional manual drafting methods to handle steel connections. Analysis and design systems such as AutoCAD and Tekla make it easier and more convenient to design structural frames. These advance CAD systems produce a full set of structural design drawings for joist systems, beams, columns, trusses, open web joists, rebars, anchors, metal decks, etc.

Parametric definitions facilitate quick revisions to any object type. New objects, details or symbols can be graphically created and stored in families that you can edit and reuse in other projects. This reduces coordination errors and improves project efficiency.

Experienced design professionals can help you save cost and time in many ways. For any queries related to Structural steel design and calculations feel free to contact us at info@outsourcestructuraldesign.com

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