SolidWorks - Weldments - Structural member

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Structural Steel Fabrication - Peddinghaus BDL1250D

The Peddinghaus BDL-1250/9D is the latest model of the beam line series. Include its innovative technology and high speed drilling, increased tension, the specifications of the spindle motor, the system of minimum quantity lubrication, lubrication system, intelligent technology never seen before and a pin non-contact measurement system laser.

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Kottler Metal Products - Pipe, Tube, & Structural Steel Bending

Kottler Metal Products was established in 1915. Our business philosophy is based on a dual commitment to quality and service. For five generations we have maintained the family tradition of producing the highest caliber metal fabrications throughout the world. We have worked diligently to achieve and maintain this reputation. It is our commitment to quality and service that has assured Kottler Metal's growth and position of leadership in the pipe, tube, and structural steel industry.

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The Advantages of Structural Steel

During the 17th Century, steel first became a frequently used material; however, is was not until the 19th Century with the development of efficient production methods such as the Bessemer process, that steel became mass produced in a cost effective manor.

Today, with the steady improvements to the metal's quality and production process, steel has become one of the most common materials used across the world and plays a critical role in important industries including the automotive, construction and transportation sectors. Because steel is so integrated in infrastructural development, the industry is often looked as a gauge for overall economic progress in a country.

Steel is an alloy, or combination, of iron and carbon. Depending on the purpose of the material, different combinations of alloys and ratios are formulated for varying types of steel. Characteristics such as strength, durability and temperature resistance can be crafted based on production method and materials used in an alloy.

For the construction of large buildings and structures such as stadiums, skyscrapers and bridges, structural steel is typically employed for the supporting skeletons. Structural steel can also be used in conjunction with concrete and wood for additional reinforcement in a structure. Because of the safety ramifications associated with construction, there are specific standards and regulations established for the steel industry. The correct shape, size, composition and storage of steel are all specified in these regulations.

The most common structural steel shapes include the I-beam, the HSS-Shape (hollow structural section), the angle, the channel and the tee. Structural steel bars, rods and plates are also generic steel construction sections. Standard steel beams are formed either by a rolling method (hot, cold or extrusion) or a welding method. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has established the US structural steel standards and identification system. Each label begins with an "A" and is then followed by two, three or four numbers that classify the material by alloy type, strength, corrosion resistance and other characteristics.

Structural steel and concrete are often compared in the construction industry. The primary factor that affects the preference of concrete over steel and vice versa is the cost of raw materials. It also should be noted that the two materials are regularly used together. However, there are several important advantages of steel. A better strength to weight ratio is found in steel structures than in Reinforced concrete cement (RCC) structures. Additionally structural steel can be broken down easily and even reused at times due to the bolted connections used in steel structures.

Many of the assets of structural steel are also outlined by the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), a not-for-profit technical institute and trade association that strives to make steel the American construction industry's material of choice. The AISC sets many of the structural steel quality standards and has issued crucial industry resources such as the Specification for Steel Buildings and the Manual of Steel Construction. Members of the AISC are found in every sector of the industry ranging from students to steel fabricators to contractors. With leading organizations such as the AISC, the structural steel community continues to grow and innovate daily.

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Structural Analysis of a Beam

The process used for determining the adequacy of a wood, steel, or even a concrete beam is essentially the same. Once a beam has been selected the method is as follows:

Determine the loads

Calculate the stresses

Check the allowable stresses against the actual stresses.

Determine the Loads

The first step in the structural analysis of a beam is determining the amount of load, or weight the beam is going to support. There are two major categories of loads:

Live Loads - A live load is a type of load that is temporarily placed on a structure (i.e. loads from snow, wind, vehicles, etc.). The magnitude of live loads will be defined or referenced in a local building code.

Dead Loads - are loads permanently attached to a structure (i.e. loads from building materials, furniture, etc.). Sometimes the weights of materials are exactly known and can be added together to determine the total dead load. More often the dead load is assumed and given an approximate weight.

Calculating the Stresses

There are two types of stresses that are typically calculated when performing a beam design: bending stress and shear stress. A more complete definition of both bending stress and shear stress can be found here. In order to calculate the bending and shear stresses it will be first necessary to calculate the maximum bending moment and maximum shear that occurs in the beam.

The maximum moment and shear will most likely occur at different locations, and the process used to determine their value will be defined in a separate article. The other two pieces of information needed to determine the stresses will be the section modulus and cross sectional area of the beam being used. The section modulus and cross sectional area can be calculated, or in most cases can be looked up in tables (like in the National Design Specification (NDS) for wood beams, or the AISC Steel Manual for steel beams). Once all the information has been tabulated the following equations can be used to determine the nominal maximum bending stress and nominal maximum shear stress:

Compare Actual Stresses against Allowable Stresses

In most cases the allowable stresses are tabulated in a design manual of some sorts (like in the NDS for wood, or the AISC Steel Manual for steel). Once the allowable stresses have been located determining the adequacy of a beam is simply a matter of comparing the actual stresses to the allowable stresses. So, a beam is adequate if the following is true:

Actual Stresses Versus Allowable Stresses

Other Considerations

One major consideration not discussed in this article is that of deflection, or sag in the beam. A beam might be strong enough structurally, but might deflect so much that it effects the actual performance of the beam. Deflection is a calculation that is very important and will be addressed in a separate article.

Another consideration when doing any kind of beam design is that of using structural design software. There are several different engineering design software packages available for beams, columns, or foundation design. StruCalc, Enercalc, Risa, and BeamChek are a few examples of those structural design software packages.

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How to Tie Reinforcements in a Structural Beam

A beam is a horizontal structural member in a building. This are made from timber, stone, universal steel and reinforced concrete. They are used to carry a building load across a span with or without a wall below. They span from one wall or column to another. They are made in different sizes depending on the load to be carried and the beam design. They can be formed into rectangular or square shapes. The reinforcements are placed in a form work for concrete to be cast inside to form the structural member.

The reinforcements for the structural beams are either round or twisted bars. The bars should be free from rust or mill scale before being used in any work on site. The tying wire should be cut into lengths able to do two runs round the steel bars. A bench is prepared to be used for cutting and bending the reinforcements. For the straight runs, bars are measured the full length of the beam and bent at the end by one hundred millimeters. The tying rings or stirrups, they are cut and bent square or rectangle depending with the beam shape.

A sample beam reinforcement of five meters is made using this procedure. This beam is to be of two by three hundred millimeter size. It shall use twisted bars of sixteen and twelve millimeter diameter bars top and bottom respectively. The four bars are measured five meters first. An extra one hundred and twenty millimeters is added to both ends. The bars are cut and bent to have hooks of one hundred millimeters on both ends. The rings are measured total length and bent into a rectangle which will overlap at the ends.

It is important to note that the finished beam size is two by three hundred millimeters. The rings should allow for concrete cover all round. They are measured less twenty five millimeters all round. The ring length is measured nine hundred millimeters first. It is then bent into four sides of two fifty by one hundred millimeters for the three by two hundred sides respectively. The ends should overlap equally. The four bars are put into the rings spaced at one hundred and fifty millimeters. Tying wire is used to join all four bars and rings together.

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www.strucim.com StruCIM® is a powerful 3D simulation software that allows fabricators to quickly simulate and evaluate alternative methods for automating the fabrication of structural steel. StruCIM® provides on-the-fly, smart tool path generation for cutting, scribing and welding directly from the steel detailing CAD model. This minimises data preparation time, dramatically reduces robot programming efforts and empowers users to handle different assemblies very efficiently. StruCIM® automatically recognizes features such as copes, holes, welds and automatically generates tool paths for scribing, cutting, welding and drilling. StruCIM® recognises all sub materials associated to a member assembly and generates the tool path needed to mark their position and piece mark on the main member material.



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